Applications of aptamers for cell biology; intracellular DRAGINs and IMAGEmates

The presence of mobile aptamers ​in the cell presents the possibility that they would bind their small molecule targets and move them away from the membrane, thereby increasing the intracellular concentration of the aptamer target by preventing its export. This would provide a means of increasing the effectiveness of drugs.

Aptamer-ligand interactions and the application of aptamers as sensors

Aptamers can be selected to be highly specific and to have high affinities for their targets. They are also very stable to heat and long-term storage. The added advantage that aptamers generally change in structure upon binding their specific ligand makes it possible to incorporate them into a variety of analytical devises. The Nilsen-Hamilton lab has collaborated with several groups to select new aptamers, to understand how their structures are influenced by ligand binding, and to develop analytical instruments that use aptamers to detect biological compounds and chemicals.

Creating aptasensors that can tell us about communications between plants and microbes in the rhizosphere

Plant health and growth is tied to the communications that occur under the soil with the microbial community that makes up the rhizosphere, a thin film around the roots of each plant. The plant provides nutrients to attract microbes and sends out enzymes and chemicals to fight off pathogens. To now, understanding the communications between plants and microbes in the soil has required removing the rhizosphere and analyzing it in the laboratory. The goal of this project is to create sensors that can exist in the soil near the rhizosphere to detect the communicating molecules as they are produced and to track how these communications change with changing conditions of the plant.

Creating nanostructures as components of metamaterials

Materials based on organized nanostructures can have unique properties. For example, small gold rings (split ring resonators) in nanometer scales can "bend" light in ways as to make what is behind them invisible. These are called metamaterials. We are using DNA to make templates for metamaterials that can be linked in 3D and coated with metals (either silver or gold) that convert the arrays of resonators.

Interactions amongst proteins that promote the crystallization of iron; Mms6

The magnetotactic bacteria have in common the ability to create nanomagnets that they use for detecting the earth’s magnetic poles. It is believed that their benefit for making the magnetic nanoparticles is the directional information they receive from the nanomagnets aligned as a compass. Using this directional information the cells can quickly identify points of the compass so that they can then identify the vertical axis that allows them to move up and down in their water environment.

Methods of observing interacting cells without disturbing them; imaging gene expression noninvasively using nucleic acid aptamers; IMAGEtags

To understand how cells communicate, the most desirable condition is to monitor them while in their natural state surrounded by other cells as in the tissue. To accomplish this, reporters are needed with signals that can be read from living cells. Although protein reporters have been used for many years, they have the major disadvantage that they provide a signal that is delayed many hours after the gene is activated. RNA aptamers can fold to their active forms inside cells and are a good option as components of reporters that give an immediate signal of transcription.

Secreted proteins involved in intercellular communications

Growth factors regulate proliferation and cellular activities that result in coordinated growth and differentiation of animal tissues. To achieve their effects, growth factors regulate gene expression and thus the production of new proteins. Proteins that are secreted are often involved in coordinating cell growth in multicellular tissues. Dr. Nilsen-Hamilton has discovered several secreted proteins that are regulated by growth factors. The research team is exploring the mechanisms by which the genes that encode these proteins are regulated and the functions of these proteins in controlling controlling cell functions.

Using aptasensors to detect biothreats in the air

Many biological agents, such as viruses and bacterial toxins, could be used to threaten a Nation if they were in the wrong hands. To protect ourselves against such threats, we are developing sensors based on aptamers that can detect these threats in the air and give early warning of their presence.